Liberalization of the business environment as well as increased international integration in Viet Nam have resulted in the rapid expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in general and export-oriented small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in particular, especially since 2000. More than 95 per cent of formal enterprises belong to the SME category. Around 17 per cent of SMMEs are involved in export activities. The export-oriented SMMEs account for 36 per cent of workforce and 45 per cent of total assets, and contribute to around 42 per cent of industrial output of all SMMEs.