Bernard M. Hoekman is Professor and the Director of the research area“Global Economics” at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Prior positions include Director of the International Trade Department and Research Manager in the Development Research Group of the World Bank and economist in the GATT Secretariat. A graduate of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, he obtained his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Michigan. His research focuses on international trade and development questions and the governance of the global trading system. He is a CEPR Research Fellow, co-Director of the CEPR Trade Policy Research Network, and a Senior Associate of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab countries, Turkey and Iran.